Yanning Dai

Abstract A digital twin (DT) of the human body is a virtual representation of an individual’s physiological state, created using real-time data from sensors and medical devices, with the purpose of simulating, predicting and optimizing health outcomes through advanced analysis and modelling. Human body DTs have the potential to revolutionize healthcare and wellness, but their responsible and effective implementation requires consideration of multiple intertwined engineering aspects.

6. Six Chronic Diseases and Corresponding Insole Systems Based on the aforementioned techniques, numerous insole systems have been developed, providing precise data on plantar pressure and humidity. These data contribute to the calculation of temporal and spatial gait parameters such as gait frequency, gait velocity, step length, and duration phase, among others. These parameters play a crucial role in rehabilitation and diagnosis for patients with various diseases.