Yichen Bao

1 Introduction The Sepsis-3 criteria conceptualize sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction stemming from a dysregulated host response to infection [1]. Recent epidemiological data (The Lancet, 2025) estimate that sepsis contributed to approximately 31.5% of global all-cause mortality by 2021, with fatalities from underlying infectious etiologies increasing by 86.4% between 2019 and 2021 [2].

1 Introduction The operational reliability of mechanical components and precision devices is critically limited by friction and wear, which not only diminish efficiency but also accelerate surface degradation, thereby shortening service lifetime [1]. Friction not only causes energy loss and efficiency degradation but also accelerates surface damage, ultimately leading to premature failure and increased maintenance costs [2].

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1, , , , , and , “Bismuth Nanoparticles Synthesized by Laser Ablation in Lubricant Oils for Tribological Tests,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 643 (2015): S67–S70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.054.