Yilue Zhang

Cite Jump to ExpandCollapse ArticleFebruary 2, 2026 Surface Activity Changes after Photoirradiation of PS80 in Citrate Buffer Containing Iron and Disulfide Click to copy article linkArticle link copied! Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States Ginny Ke Ginny Ke Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas...

Carbon dioxide radical anion (•CO2–) is a powerful reducing agent that can reduce protein disulfide bonds and convert molecular oxygen to superoxide. Therefore, the generation of •CO2– can be detrimental to pharmaceutical formulations. Iron is among the most prevalent impurities in formulations, where Fe(III) chelates of histidine (His) can produce •CO2– upon exposure to near-UV light (Zhang and Schöneich, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2023, 190, 231–241).