Yina Qiao

1 Introduction Maternal undernutrition induces intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which disrupts fetal skeletal muscle development (Yates et al. 2016). Especially, late gestation represents a crucial window for the formation of fetal muscle fibers, thereby enhancing susceptibility to nutritional deficiencies (Cai et al. 2022; Posey and Davis 2023).

1 Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has long-term implications on fetal organ development and postnatal health (Godfrey and Barker 2000). This phenomenon is known as Fetal Programming or Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (Barker 1995; Hales and Barker 2001; Silveira et al. 2007). Research suggests that maternal undernutrition in the fetus, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy, may have profound effects at critical stages of fetal development (Cetin et al.

ADM acinar-to-ductal metaplasia Arp2/3 complex actin-related protein 2/3 complex BMDMs bone marrow–derived macrophages CAFs cancer-associated fibroblasts ECM extracellular matrix PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PSCs pancreatic stellate cells RNAseq RNAsequencing scRNAseq single-cell RNAsequencing 1 INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, a phenomenon known as desmoplastic reaction.