Ying-Fan Tan

1 Introduction Low-dimensional materials exhibit a rich variety of electronic phenomena arising from the interplay between lattice degrees of freedom and electron correlations. Among these, the Peierls instability represents a fundamental lattice distortion mechanism in one-dimensional (1D) systems, where electron-phonon coupling induces a periodic lattice modulation that opens an electronic band gap at the Fermi level, driving a metal-insulator transition (Figure 1a−d) [1, 2].