Ying Geng

1 INTRODUCTION Apex predators, although integral to ecosystem regulation, have suffered drastic declines in recent centuries due to overhunting, habitat loss, and human–wildlife conflict (Ripple et al., 2014). These declines have compromised their role in top-down regulation of lower trophic levels, leading to cascading ecological consequences, including herbivore overabundance, mesopredator release, and overall community destabilization (Berger et al., 2001; She et al., 2023).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose in connection with this work. Supporting Information Filename Description odi14873-sup-0001-TableS1.docxWord 2007 document , 17.7 KB Table S1. REFERENCES , , , , , , , , , & (2016). High-frequency acceleration: Therapeutic tool to preserve bone following tooth extractions. Journal of Dental Research, 95(3), 311–318. , , , & (2015). Alveolar socket healing: What can we learn?

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