Ying-Li Pan

1 INTRODUCTION Seventy per cent of global health and social workers are women and nursing and midwifery occupations account for a large proportion of them (WHO, 2022). By the end of 2020, China had 5.02 million registered nurses (National Bereau of Statistics, 2022), with nurses of childbearing age (18–45) accounting for 85.5% (National Bereau of Statistics, 2021).