Yingbo Yang

1 Introduction Mountains are among the most important landscape features on Earth. They provide essential ecosystem services, including water, food, and clean energy, which support at least half of the world's population (Kohler et al. 2010; Körner et al. 2017). In addition, mountains play a key role in regulating climate and ecological processes, significantly influencing global and regional temperatures (Perrigo et al. 2020) and serving as the source of most rivers (Viviroli et al. 2020).

Fig. S1 Frequency distribution of county areas for occurrence records from local databases in China. Fig. S2 Species richness of naturalized and invasive plants in China across WGSRPD botanical countries, with comparisons between WCVP, GBIF-only, and integrated datasets. Fig. S3 Principal component analysis (PCA) of eight bioclimatic variables in China. Fig. S4 Comparison of climatic niche sizes for invasive and naturalized plant species in China estimated from GBIF-only and integrated datasets. Fig.

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