Yingchen Huang

Abstract Liver transplantation (LT) stands as the gold standard for treating end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet postoperative complications continue to impact survival rates. The liver's unique immune system, governed by a microenvironment of diverse immune cells, is disrupted during processes like ischemia-reperfusion injury posttransplantation, leading to immune imbalance, inflammation, and subsequent complications.

1 Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for most primary liver cancers (75−85%), is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and has been acknowledged as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.[1] Despite the rapid development of systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy as well as surgical resection and liver transplantation (LT) over the past 70 years, the 5-year survival rate of HCC is still not promising.[2, 3]...