Yinghong Jing

1 Introduction Extreme river discharge events (ERDEs), which often manifest as catastrophic floods, pose significant threats to human life, infrastructure, and ecosystems (Camilloni & Barros, 2003; Heinrich et al., 2023; Yin et al., 2018). As one of the most densely populated river basins in the world, the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) relies heavily on flood early warning systems to safeguard livelihoods and support sustainable regional economic development (Li & Zhao, 2022; Yu et al., 2023).

1 Introduction Precipitation is a critical component of the hydrological cycle, essential for maintaining ecological balance and supporting diverse ecosystems (Lincoln, 2008; Madakumbura et al., 2021). As a primary energy transfer mechanism, precipitation regulates temperature through the release of latent and condensation heat, influencing global climate dynamics via thermodynamic and dynamic processes.