Yingmei Tang

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease that, if inadequately treated, can progress to end-stage liver disease through progressive destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the established first-line therapy, known to improve biochemical markers, slow fibrosis progression, and extend transplant-free survival.

1 Introduction Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare type of neoplasm originating from the pancreatic endocrine tissues (1). Based on the hormone secretion and associated symptoms, PNETs are classified into functional (secretory) or nonfunctional tumors. The majority of PNETs are nonfunctional, accounting for 50%–70% (2).