Yingqing Cen

1 Introduction Drought is a complex and highly destructive natural hazard, characterized by a prolonged deficiency in precipitation that significantly deviates from long-term climatic averages. This hydrometeorological imbalance leads to a sustained mismatch between water availability and demand, with profound and wide-ranging impacts on ecological systems and socio-economic structures (Dai 2011; Vicente-Serrano et al. 2013; Cunha et al. 2019).

1 Introduction Drought is a widespread natural disaster that exerts profound influences on both ecological and socio-economic systems. It is primarily characterized by prolonged precipitation deficits and concurrent elevated temperature, which disrupt the balance between water supply and demand (Raposo et al. 2023).