Yingran Shen

Abstract Differentiating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) from pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease (PH-LHD) is clinically important because management differs substantially, but definitive classification requires invasive haemodynamic assessment together with clinical evaluation.

1 Introduction The functional reconstruction of the trachea, a vital conduit of the respiratory system, stands as a largely unsolved frontier in regenerative medicine [1]. Its unique biomechanical and physiological demands, characterized by cartilaginous rigidity and mucociliary clearance, make regeneration following extensive trauma or oncological resection an exceptionally formidable task [2].

Highlights • LCCAs had larger CT lesion size than pathological size matched non-LCCAs; • The LCCA group had a better but not significant RFS than the non-LCCA group; • Type III LCCA had a significantly worse survival when compared with Type I LCCA. Abstract Objective The association between the morphological characteristics and survival outcome of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces (LCCAs) is unclear due to rarity of this disease.