Yingrui Zhang

1 Introduction The liver, as the largest metabolic organ in the human body, orchestrates nutrient conversion [1], detoxification [2], and immune homeostasis [3] through its fundamental structural unit—the hepatic lobule [4]. Within the lobule, diverse cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and endothelial cells form a highly ordered microarchitecture that governs metabolic flux and intercellular communication [5-7].

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description odi70139-sup-0001-FigureS1.zipZip archive, 2.2 MB Figure S1: SMG duct ligation/de-ligation activates NLRP3 inflammasome and NLRP3-specific knockdown (a) Relative gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC in SMG at day L7DL3. (b) IHC expression levels of NLRP3, Casepase-1, ASC in SMGs at day L7DL3.

Surfaces, Interfaces, and ApplicationsOctober 23, 2025 Yingrui Zhang School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, U.K. Chunchun Li School of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, U.K. Weilong Liu Key Laboratory for Advanced...