Yingtao Liu

3 Results Between February 2024 and July 2025, a total of 1614 persons were screened across nine participating centers in China. Of these, 648 underwent randomization: 327 were assigned to the cognitive fusion targeted biopsy group and 321 to the software-based fusion targeted biopsy group (Fig. 1). A total of 113 screen-positive participants were excluded from randomization because of negative MRI findings (PI-RADS score <3), all of whom were biopsy naive.

1 Introduction The management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial. While hemorrhage risk typically drives interventional decisions, the functional impact of these lesions is often underestimated. The pivotal ARUBA trial, which compared medical management alone vs. intervention, defined “poor outcome” narrowly as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of ≥ 2.