Yingxu Wu

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. References 1, , , and , “Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): An Overview,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 8 (2018): 201, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080201.

1 Introduction The ocean plays a crucial role in mitigating anthropogenic climate change by absorbing a significant portion of atmospheric CO2 (Gruber et al., 2023; Rae et al., 2018). However, this vital service comes at the cost of ocean acidification (OA): as CO2 levels rise, seawater pH drops and carbonate ion concentrations decrease, threatening marine ecosystems (Doney et al., 2009; Feely et al., 2004; Orr et al., 2005).

Abstract Overall ocean health depends critically on dissolved oxygen, which is increasingly impacted by global warming. The Arctic and subarctic regions are experiencing exceptionally rapid warming, known as Arctic amplification, yet its impact on oceanic oxygen remains poorly understood.