Yingyi Zhao

Abstract Urban vegetation, a key nature-based solution for mitigating heat stress, is critical as global warming, and urban heat islands amplify high temperatures in cities, affecting over half the global population. Yet, its potential warming effects remain unquantified globally, with mechanisms unclear.

Data availability The data that support the findings of this study include Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 V2.0 dataset, openly available at doi: 10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.002, LiDAR point cloud data, openly available at doi: 10.48443/hj77-kf64, high-resolution airborne imagery, openly available at doi: 10.48443/gdgn-3r69, Daymet climate data, openly available at doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2129, and SoilGrids dataset, openly available at https://soilgrids.org/.

Supporting Information Filename Description nph19684-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdfPDF document, 2.6 MB Fig. S1 Maps illustrating the mean of yearly mean temperatures for the 6-yr period spanning from 2016 to 2021. Fig. S2 Partial dependency plots for the relationship between start of season and functional traits of boosted regression trees at the Dead Lake site. Fig. S3 Partial dependency plots for the relationship between end of season and functional traits of boosted regression trees at the Dead Lake site.