Yingze Su

1 Introduction Bone defects impose a heavy burden on society, with over two million bone-grafting operations performed annually worldwide [1, 2]. Current clinical strategies are limited by donor availability and poor bone integration [3, 4]. Bone tissue engineering, which combines biomaterials, cells, and biofunctional molecules, is a promising alternative [5, 6].

Keywords: developmental dysplasia of the hip; femoral derotational osteotomy; femoral torsion; femoral version; hip preservation surgery Introduction Femoral version (FV) is a crucial hip alignment metric referring to the rotation of the femur. Because of its anatomical properties, it has an enormous effect on all aspects of the whole limb. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common disorder characterized by various morphological abnormalities, including acetabular undercoverage.

Abstract Fundamental equalities, such as the Ward-Takahashi identity (WTI) and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT), are important in the calculation of the response functions, which are defined as the variations of physical quantities with respect to the external sources.