Yingzhu HE

Abstract All-optical interrogation, based on high-resolution two-photon stimulation and imaging, has emerged as a potentially transformative approach in neuroscience, allowing for the simultaneous precise manipulation and monitoring of neuronal activity across various model organisms.

1 Introduction Glaucoma encompasses a group of ocular disorders that constitute the most common cause of irreversible blindness, affecting nearly 95 million people worldwide [1-3]. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) represents the primary risk factor for glaucoma [4], and the disease is characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the only projection neurons in the retina to the brain [5-7].

Abstract High-resolution imaging under physiological conditions is essential for studying biological mechanisms and disease processes. However, achieving this goal remains challenging due to optical aberrations and scattering from heterogeneous tissue structures, compounded by motion artifacts from awake animals. In this study, we developed a rapid and accurate adaptive optics system called multiplexing digital focus sensing anrobod shaping (MD-FSS) for deep-tissue multiphoton microscopy.