Yinhao Guo

Background Cesarean section (CS) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide, and its global prevalence continues to rise. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the global CS rate will increase from the current 21.1% to 28.5% by 2030, reaching approximately 38 million cesarean births annually.1 With changes in birth policies, the CS rate in China has already exceeded 40%.2 Postoperative pain is a major concern for women undergoing CS.

Introduction Cesarean delivery is one of the most common surgical procedures, accounting for >21% of all live births, according to data from 169 countries.1 In China, the annual cesarean delivery rate reached 45.2% in 2018 after relaxing the one-child policy.2 Due to the influence of postpartum contractions and surgical incisions, women undergoing cesarean section often experience severe postoperative pain.3,4 However, despite the numerous measures developed to manage postoperative pain,...