Yining Deng

4. Materials and methods A549 cells (Mingzhoubio, cat#MZ-0015, RRID:CVCL_0023), HeLa cells (Mingzhoubio, MZ-3329, RRID:CVCL_0030) and BS-C-1 cells (Mingzhoubio, cat#MZ-8048, RRID:CVCL_0607) were purchased from Ningbo Ming Zhou bio CO., Ltd. BHK-21[C-13] (Procell, cat#CL-0034, RRID:CVCL_1914), DF-1 (Procell, cat#CL-0279, RRID:CVCL_0570) were kindly provided by Procell Life Science&Technology Co., Ltd. Establishment of A549 cells stably expressing GFP-MAP1LC3B was performed as follows.

1 Introduction Poxviruses are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells [1]. Their transcription and mRNA processing occur in the cytoplasm. Due to lacking access to host nuclear transcription and RNA processing machinery, poxviruses express their own enzymatic systems to carry out essential mRNA maturation steps, including 5′ capping, polyadenylation, and transcription termination [2].

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1, , and , “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiology of Pathogenic Escherichia coli of Calves and the Role of Calves as Reservoirs for Human Pathogenic E. coli,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 5 (2015): 23. 2, , , , , and , “Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment,” Microorganisms 11, no. 6 (2023): 1614.