Yinuo Wu

1 Introduction Fuel cells and metal-air batteries are considered to be able to achieve sustainable energy conversion and storage, which has attracted extensive attention [1, 2]. However, in these devices, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode has a hysteresis kinetic process and a high activation energy barrier, which leads to a lower energy conversion efficiency [3, 4]. Although the benchmark platinum (Pt)-based catalysts show significant electrocatalytic activity for the ORR [5-7].

College of Business, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China Under the dual challenge of global climate change and food security, agriculture is required to not only sustain continuous growth in socio-economic output but also shoulder the significant responsibility of reducing carbon emissions and protecting the ecological environment. Traditional unidimensional efficiency evaluations are inadequate to balance the synergistic relationship between growth, emission reduction, and ecological protection.