Yishan Ding

Introduction Person-level misfit refers to the aberrant behavior or unusual response pattern by a single test-taker. Although test aberrance might arise from various issues and manifest in a multitude of diverse response outcomes, two types have drawn the most scholarly interest: careless responses stemming from a lack of motivation (Patton et al., 2019) and spuriously higher than expected scores indicative of cheating (De La Torre & Deng, 2008; Wang et al., 2017).