Yiyang Tang

1 Introduction Rotifers are microscopic aquatic invertebrates, typically measuring approximately 100 microns in length, with a primary distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Over an evolutionary history spanning hundreds of millions of years, they have exhibited remarkable adaptability to diverse habitats, ranging from ephemeral puddles and flowing streams to stagnant lakes and even marine environments [1].

Tian-Yun Huang School of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China Laboratory for Micromachine Intelligence, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China Search for more papers by this author

Conflict of Interest The authors have filed a provisional patent application on the work described herein. Status: pending. Organization: Peking University. Inventors: Tian-Yun Huang, Yiyang Tang. Date: 6 August 2025. Number: 202511097184.2. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.