yongqing jiang

1 INTRODUCTION Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural phenomena that severely damage civil engineering structures. Engineering structures may suffer damage from earthquakes, potentially disrupting building functionality and leading to severe consequences like total collapse. An earthquake would cause varying degrees of damage to a great number of buildings in urban areas.

1. Introduction With the development of urban economies, the construction scale of commercial areas (such as high-rise buildings, large shopping malls, and heritage buildings) has grown significantly, integrating production, commerce, transportation, and entertainment. These buildings are complex in structure, prone to collapse, have a high pedestrian density, and experience high electrical loads.

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