Youlin Guo

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

5.4. Results and Analysis In this section, we will evaluate the effectiveness of LSTM–Transformer for NOx emission concentration prediction in two datasets with different sampling intervals. The results will be presented in the form of tables and figures. 5.4.1. NOx Concentration Emission Prediction To compare the performance of the model in long-term prediction for different future time horizons, we set the input length I = 36, and the prediction distance length O: 6, 12, 24, 48.

4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Effect of Cushion Thickness and Modulus The changes in vertical stress of both pile and soil caused by different cushion thicknesses after loading are shown in Figure 4a,b. Distinct variations in the vertical stress of the pile can be observed according to the thickness of the cushion in Figure 4a. The pile was subjected to a significant load, and its vertical stress decreased with a decrease in elevation when no cushion was set.