Youssef Bahgat Gouda

This multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted across 27 faculties of medicine in seven countries from the Middle East and North Africa, including Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan. Data collection was carried out from March 1 to May 30, 2024, targeting medical students from the first year to the internship years. The present study excluded participants who reported a previous diagnosis of IBS, IBD, gastrointestinal reflux disease, or other functional organic diseases.

Overview Egypt has recently focused on the importance of electronic payment methods, by implementing a complete electronic system on all levels, by encouraging the development of electronic payment systems and services and by promoting the use of different electronic payment services by different consumers and businesses. Payment service providers were not directly regulated by the Central Bank of Egypt (the "CBE") until the issuance of the new Central Bank and Banking Sector Law no.