Yuanzheng Lou

1 Introduction Thyroid nodules are prevalent endocrine disorders, affecting over 60% of the general population, as shown in Figure 1A, with a particularly significant occurrence among women.[1, 2] While most of these nodules are benign and asymptomatic, malignant thyroid nodules comprise about 5%–17% of cases,[3, 4] and the mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer has remained relatively stable.[5] Data from the Global Cancer Observatory of the World Health Organization's International...