Yuheng He

1. Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Rare-earth elements (REEs) are the 15 elements in the 4f block of the periodic table plus Sc and Y. (1) Owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, they are indispensable for a wide range of applications such as permanent magnets, catalysts, phosphors, and batteries. (2) The demand for REEs has risen sharply worldwide in recent decades. (3,4) The possibilities for replacing REEs are currently very limited.

1 Introduction Operational meteorological centers commonly develop their own high-resolution regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to provide spatially and temporally fine weather forecasts, along with data assimilation to improve forecast accuracy (Nipen et al. 2024; Song et al. 2025). The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) has put into trial operation in 2024 a regional atmosphere–ocean–wave coupled model named the Unified Wave INterface—Coupled Model (UWIN-CM) (Kerns and Chen 2021, 2023).

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