Yule Yong

1 Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.[1] Atherosclerosis, the primary pathological basis of CVD, is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be initiated and accelerated by local and systemic inflammation.[2] For instance, autoimmune rheumatic diseases had an increased risk and mortality for cardiovascular events.[3] Vascular interventions, including intravascular stenting, endarterectomy, and angioplasty, are the mainstays for...