Yun Jae Jung

1 Introduction Adult stem cell–based therapies have progressed from proof-of-concept studies to a diversified clinical enterprise that now spans autoimmune [1], cardiovascular [2], neurodegenerative [3], musculoskeletal [4], and periodontal [5] indications. Yet, durable benefit remains inconsistent across trials and disease settings, underscoring that in vitro potency alone only partially predicts in vivo performance.