Yunrui Yin

1 Introduction Patient safety remains a major challenge for healthcare systems. More than two decades after To Err Is Human, avoidable harm continues to be a central concern, and safer care depends heavily on how well healthcare teams communicate, coordinate, and respond to risk (Institute of Medicine 2000; Rosen et al. 2018). Communication failures and hesitancy to speak up remain recurrent contributors to unsafe care, particularly in complex, fast-moving clinical environments (Okuyama et al.