Yuqiao Yin

1 Introduction Maintaining symbiotic relationships with microbial communities requires hosts to mount distinct immune responses to pathogens versus commensals [1]. The underlying mechanisms have been most clearly defined in selected model systems across animals and plants [2-4]. In humans, the gut metabolite butyrate induces bactericidal antimicrobial peptides and limits mucosal exposure to luminal microbes, thereby curbing aberrant inflammation [2, 3].