Yuying Cao

Abstract Controlling interfacial energy levels at semiconductor-liquid interfaces is critical yet challenging because charge separation is dictated by coupled semiconductor band bending and electrical double layers. Existing chemical and electrical regulation strategies inevitably require invasive treatments or external energy input. Here, we propose an iontrovoltaic mechanism, in which asymmetric electrical double layers establish ionic concentration gradients driving ionic directional migration.

1 Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD), also known as manic-depressive illness, is a chronic, relapsing mental health condition typically characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania or hypomania (1). BD is a severe mental disease with high recurrence rates and marked cognitive impairment (2). Although sex differences are known to influence the clinical characteristics of BD (3), their specific impact on cognitive impairment remains a critical area of investigation.