Yuying Tong

1 Introduction The world's largest rural-to-urban migration stream began in China around the 1980s. According to recently released government statistics, the number of such migrants participating in the labour market has reached an estimated 170 million (National Bureau of Statistics 2022). This large-scale movement of rural labour has prompted numerous studies examining whether migration positively impacts the income growth of rural households sending migrants out (Du et al.

1 Introduction Since the economic reforms of the 1980s, China has seen significant changes in its internal migration patterns, which have been largely driven by rural-to-urban migration. According to recent data from the Chinese government (National Bureau of Statistics 2021), approximately 170 million farmers have migrated from predominantly agricultural regions to cities for nonfarm employment.

1 Introduction It is well-established that parents play a central role in child development (for reviews, e.g., Crosnoe and Cavanagh 2010; Masarik and Conger 2017; Parke 2004), yet less is known about the converse—how adult children impact parental well-being. The interconnection between parents and children continues but transforms as children grow up (Milkie et al. 2008). The evolving intergenerational ties impact the older generation in various ways.