Zeming Yin

Abstract In complex aquatic environments, accurate detection of floating debris remains challenging due to severe occlusion, large scale variations, and strong background interference, which hinder existing object detection models from effectively modeling spatial features, adapting to scale changes, and capturing object shapes.

In deep drawing, with or without draw beads, a blank holder restrains the sheet metal blank at its periphery while a punch forces the metal to flow into the die cavity. The quality of the formed part is determined by the amount of material drawn into the die cavity. Excessive material flow and low blank holder force (BHF) may cause wrinkling, and insufficient material flow will cause excessive thinning, which can cause tearing or fracture (see Figure 1).

Finite element (FE)-based computer software commonly is used in the sheet metal forming and stamping industry for die design and for predicting metal flow and thinning in the formed part. It is a useful tool for predicting and preventing forming defects such as fracture and wrinkling.