Zhaoxin Zhang

1 INTRODUCTION On dynamic and complex construction sites, various entities such as tools, materials, and equipment constitute the fundamental units supporting construction activities (K. Chen et al., 2025; Wu et al., 2025). Accurate recognition and understanding of these entities are not only critical for enabling digital perception of construction sites but also essential for facilitating intelligent construction management (Bavelos et al., 2025; Jiang et al., 2024).