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Articles by Zhen Han
Stereochemical preorganization directs triple-helical assembly of Au 4 nanoclusters
Abstract Programming hierarchical helicity from molecular stereochemistry remains a major challenge in synthetic materials. Collagen achieves this through conformational preorganization that translates local stereochemical information into homochiral triple helices, a level of hierarchical control rarely realized in artificial systems.
A SAGA-like AP2-P-ARP1-GCN5 transcriptional complex targets pathogenesis-associated genes during the blood-stage development of Babesia gibsoni
Abstract Babesiosis is an increasingly recognized tick-borne zoonosis. The asexual blood stage of its causative agent, Babesia, drives pathological damages in the host and can cause severe or fatal human infections. Nevertheless, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control this developmental stage remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified a novel ApiAP2 transcription factor (AP2-P; pathogenesis), which is essential in the blood-stage development of B. gibsoni.
Concerted Superionic-Electron Flow Guides a Sulfur-Redox Highway in High-Rate Li–S Batteries
1 Introduction Li–S batteries have emerged as highly promising candidates for next-generation energy systems in the rapidly growing field of electric vehicles, owing to their high energy density, low cost, and reduced raw material supply chain risks [1-3].
How chokepoint forms: causes and paths of technology dependence in China’s chip industry
ABSTRACT This study applies multi-period fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to 34 key technologies in Mainland China’s chip industry to examine how technology characteristics, capabilities, external embargoes, patent strategies jointly shape technology dependence. The findings show that high technology dependence is not driven by any single factor, but emerges from distinct configurations of multiple conditions, with substantial variation across technological domains.
Preferred synthesis of armchair transition metal dichalcogenide nanotubes
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Abstract Supplementary Materials References and Notes Information & Authors Metrics & Citations Check Access References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Nanotubes represent an important class of crystalline materials but controlling their structures, particularly chiralities, remains a fundamental challenge. In this work, we report a strategy for synthesizing transition-metal dichalcogenide nanotubes with preferred armchair chirality.
By Qing Ji, Eric Merrill, J. Elliott Campbell, Luneng Zhao, Ju Huang, Yongjia Zheng, Yuta Sato, Tianyu Wang, Dmitry I. Levshov, Lingfeng Wang, Qingyun Lin, Zhen Han, Chunxia Yang, Bill Herve Nduwarugira, Yicheng Ma, Yige Zheng, Hang Wang, Salman Ullah, Afzal Khan, Qi Zhang, Wenbin Li, Junfeng Gao, Bingfeng Ju, Feng Hua Ding, Wouter Herrebout
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Science Magazine
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Digital-Green Collaborative Transformation and Agricultural Economic Resilience: Evidence From a Double Machine Learning Model
1 Introduction Amid the global transition toward sustainable development, the convergence of digitalization and greening has become a crucial pathway for advancing high-quality growth and building a low-carbon economy (Broccardo et al. 2023; Zhang, Bai, and Zhao 2025; Zhang, Zheng, et al. 2025).
A collaboration space for 10x teammates with their Al agents
Hey Product Hunt 👋 I’m Zhen, founder of Vokal. Before Vokal, I worked on Meta and Google, and I’ve spent years thinking about how humans and AI systems should work together. Vokal is a collaboration space for 10x teammates and their AI agents. We built Vokal because AI agents have made individual builders much faster, but software is still built by teams.
Gasdermin D antagonizes immunosuppression in prostate cancer by inducing LAMC2 degradation to block M2 macrophage polarization
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the executor of cell pyroptosis, being involved in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals. The loading of GSDMD N-terminal domain into extracellular vesicles targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen-positive prostate cancer (PCa) by genetic engineering inhibits tumor progression and activates antitumor immunity. GSDMD interacted with laminin subunit gamma-2 (LAMC2) protein, leading to LAMC2 ubiquitination.
Interface Potential Induced High Thermoelectric Performance of the Heterostructured Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 /AgNWs Composites Ceramics
Z.Han, J.Zhang, J.Wei, et al. “Interface Potential Induced High Thermoelectric Performance of the Heterostructured Ca3Co4O9/AgNWs Composites Ceramics.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society109, no. 6 (2026): e70879. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70879 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
When LLMs read tables carelessly: Measuring and reducing data referencing errors
While large language models (LLMs) perform well on table tasks, they still make data referencing errors (DREs), i.e., incorrectly citing or omitting table values, despite understanding the table structure. Beyond final-answer accuracy, DREs directly compromise the correctness and reliability of intermediate reasoning steps. Yet prior studies have only offered limited, small-scale analyses.
SQL-Trail: multi-turn reinforcement learning with interleaved feedback for text-to-SQL
While large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved Text-to-SQL generation, a pronounced gap remains between AI systems and human experts on challenging benchmarks such as BIRD-SQL. We argue this gap stems largely from the prevailing single-pass paradigm, which lacks the iterative reasoning, schema exploration, and error-correction behaviors that humans naturally employ.
Edge-guided progressive feature complementary network for visible–infrared remote sensing object detection
ABSTRACT Object detection based on visible – infrared (VI) images is of great importance for remote sensing perception under complex environments. However, existing multimodal detection methods still suffer from insufficient feature representation and limited modal information fusion under low-light and complex background conditions. To address this, this paper proposes the Dual-Branch Cross-Modal Complementary Network (DB-CMCNet), which employs a dual-branch feature extraction architecture.
A physics-guided machine learning framework for enhancing dust storm visibility prediction in arid and semi-arid regions - Scientific Reports
Abstract Dust sharply degrades visibility in arid and semi-arid regions, yet operational forecasting remains challenged by near-surface process errors in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and the poor generalization of purely data-driven models. We present a physics-guided machine learning (PGML) framework that post-processes European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecasts to predict five ordinal visibility grades over the Kumtag Desert.
Soil Bacterial Communities Outperform Fungal Counterparts in Community Stability and Environmental Adaptation During Early‐Stage Vegetation Recovery in Mining Areas
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First in Human Evaluation of an Innovative Stent Graft for Endovascular Repair of Acute Ascending Aortic Syndromes
Full length articleArticles in PressOpen access aDepartments of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China bDepartment of Cardiology, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China cChuangxin Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China dDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China eDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China fDepartment of...
Correction to “Insights into the Activation Mechanism of HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3”
In the “Expression and and Purification of HCA1/HCA2/HCA3-Gαi Fusion Protein” section of the Methods, line 1 and 2 is here corrected to change “For protein expression, recombinant baculovirus of human HCA1/HCA2/HCA3, Gαs, His6-tagged Gβ1, and Gγ2 were coexpressed by infecting in S. frugiperda (Invitrogen) cells.” to “For protein expression, recombinant baculovirus of human HCA1/HCA2/HCA3, Gαi, His6-tagged Gβ1, and Gγ2 were coexpressed by infecting in S. frugiperda (Invitrogen) cells.”.
Correction to “Insights into the Activation Mechanism of HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3”
This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn More Addition/CorrectionNovember 26, 2025 * * * Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2025, XXXX, XXX Click to copy citationCitation copied! correction . This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 .
Ultra‐Wideband Phase‐Tunable Millimeter‐Wave Photonic Down‐Converter in Lithium Niobate on Insulator
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References 1, , , , and , “Millimeter-wave GaAs Ultra-wideband Medium Power Amplifier and Broadband High-power Power Amplifier for 5G/6G Applications,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 14 (2024): 111–121, https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2024.3356010.
Biochar Enhances Soil Fertility Through Bacterial Community Modulation in Karst Slopes
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , , , and . 2018. “Assessment of Bacterial Community Composition, Methanotrophic and Nitrogen-Cycling Bacteria in Three Soils With Different Biochar Application Rates.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 18, no. 1: 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1733-1. , , , et al. 2014. “Biochar as a Sorbent for Contaminant Management in Soil and Water: A Review.” Chemosphere 99: 19–33.
Dynamic UAV Task Allocation and Path Planning with Energy Management Using Adaptive PSO in Rolling Horizon Framework
1. Introduction Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have transitioned from research prototypes to versatile platforms in civilian and industrial applications. Beyond traditional surveillance, environmental monitoring, and disaster response, UAVs enable precision agriculture, infrastructure inspection, and public-safety operations.
Integrated Microwave Photonics Multi‐Parameter Measurement System
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description lpor202500013-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx2.5 MB Supporting Information References 1, Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems, SciTech Publishing, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2006. 2, Microwave Receivers with Electronic Warfare Applications, Wiley-Interscience, 1986. 3, Introduction to Satellite Communication, Artech House, 2008. 4, , , , Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 20. 5, Nature 2016, 536, 139.
Integrated Ultra‐Wideband Tunable Fourier Domain Mode‐Locked Optoelectronic Oscillator
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description lpor202402094-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx8.9 MB Supporting Information References 1, Nature 2016, 526, 139. 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Nature 2014, 507, 341. 3, , , , , , , , , , Laser Photonics Rev. 2020, 14, 1900239. 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Nat. Photonics 2013, 7, 977. 5, J. Lightwave Technol. 2009, 27, 314. 6, , , Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 80. 7, , , , , Nanophotonics 2016, 5, 196.
Insights into the Activation Mechanism of HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3
Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Hydroxy-carboxylic acids possess both hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, playing a pivotal role as intermediates in energy metabolism across various biological processes, such as lipolysis, tumor proliferation, and inflammation. (1−3) These compounds have been identified as the physiological ligands for a family of G-protein-coupled receptors designated as HCA receptors, which consist of three members: HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3.
Insights into the Activation Mechanism of HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3
Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Hydroxy-carboxylic acids possess both hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, playing a pivotal role as intermediates in energy metabolism across various biological processes, such as lipolysis, tumor proliferation, and inflammation. (1−3) These compounds have been identified as the physiological ligands for a family of G-protein-coupled receptors designated as HCA receptors, which consist of three members: HCA1, HCA2, and HCA3.
Vegetation Carbon Source/Sink Dynamics and Extreme Climate Response in the Yangtze River Delta Coastal Zone
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Defect Chemistry Engineering to Regulate the Excellent ZTave Value of Nonstoichiometric Ca3–xCo4O9 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) Ceramics
Functional Inorganic Materials and DevicesJanuary 10, 2025 Zhen Han College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China Junzhan Zhang College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China Haolin Ma College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R.
Evaluation of the Effect of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Live Vaccine (Strain 168) in Ningxiang Pigs
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Based on breast CEUS parameters combined with serum CA153, a nomogram model was constructed to predict the molecular classification of breastcancer
The authors have declared no competing interest. The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
Unveiling the Structural and Chemical Evolution of Layered Oxide Cathode for Na‐Ion Batteries Induced by Water Vapor
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202410485-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx4.9 MB Supporting Information References 1a) , , , , , , , Renewables 2023, 1, 316; b) , , , , , Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 267; c) , , , , , Renewables 2024, 2, 25; d) , , , Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17125; e) , , , , , , , , , , , , J. Energy Chem. 2023, 86, 559; f) , , , , , , , , , , , Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202400562; g) , , , Chem. Soc. Rev.
Unveiling the Structural and Chemical Evolution of Layered Oxide Cathode for Na‐Ion Batteries Induced by Water Vapor
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202410485-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx4.9 MB Supporting Information References 1a) , , , , , , , Renewables 2023, 1, 316; b) , , , , , Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 267; c) , , , , , Renewables 2024, 2, 25; d) , , , Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17125; e) , , , , , , , , , , , , J. Energy Chem. 2023, 86, 559; f) , , , , , , , , , , , Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202400562; g) , , , Chem. Soc. Rev.
Integrated Ultra‐Wideband Dynamic Microwave Frequency Identification System in Lithium Niobate on Insulator (Laser Photonics Rev. 18(10)/2024)
Graphical Abstract Ultra-Wideband Dynamic Microwave Frequency Identification System In article number 2400332, Guanghui Ren, Yonghui Tian, and co-workers experimentally demonstrate an integrated ultra-wideband dynamic microwave frequency identification system in lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI). The bandwidth of microwave frequency systems is extended to millimeter-wave U-band using the excellent electro-optical properties of lithium niobate.
Discovery and Validation of Methylation Signatures in Circulating Cell-Free DNA for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Reversible Local Protonation‐Deprotonation: Tuning Stimuli‐Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Hybrid Zinc Halides for Anti‐Counterfeiting and Encryption
Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.
Reversible Local Protonation‐Deprotonation: Tuning Stimuli‐Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Hybrid Zinc Halides for Anti‐Counterfeiting and Encryption
Supporting Information As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.
Electro-Thermo-Magnetic Effect-Induced Large Thermoelectric Performance of Calcium Cobaltite Nanocomposites
Energy, Environmental, and Catalysis ApplicationsAugust 12, 2024 Zongmo Shi College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China Zhen Han College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China * Wei Huang College of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R.China *Email: qqhuangwei2005@126.com. Tel.: +86-29-82205328.
Integrated Ultra‐Wideband Dynamic Microwave Frequency Identification System in Lithium Niobate on Insulator
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description lpor202400332-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx6.5 MB Supporting Information References 1, Rev. Mod. Phys. 1993, 65, 1235. 2, Introduction to Satellite Communication, 3rd ed.Artech house, London 2008. 3, , , , Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 20. 4, , Nat. Photon. 2007, 1, 319. 5, , , , , , Laser Photonics Rev. 2013, 7, 506. 6, , , , , , Laser Photonics Rev. 2016, 10, 711. 7, , , Nat. Photon. 2019, 13, 80. 8, Prog. Quantum.
Hierarchically porous Ca3Co4O9 ceramics prepared by freeze casting: Emerging ultra‐low thermal conductivity and apparent anisotropy
REFERENCES 1, , , , , , et al. Thermoelectric Cu12Sb4S13-based synthetic minerals with a sublimation-derived porous network, Adv Mater. 2021; 33:2103633. 2, , , , ., Direct synthesis of p-type bulk BiCuSeO oxyselenides by reactive spark plasma sintering and related thermoelectric properties, Scripta Mater. 2020; 187: 317–322. 3, , , , , , et al. Regulating multiscale defects to enhance the thermoelectric performance of Ca0.87Ag0.1Dy0.03MnO3 ceramics, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022; 14: 32166–32175.
Development and interpretation of a pathomics-driven ensemble model for predicting the response to immunotherapy in gastric cancer
Discussion In this study, we developed a PDEM to predict response after immune checkpoint inhibition in patients with GC. Furthermore, we employed SHAP analysis and pathogenomics analysis to interpret the predictions made by ensemble models from diverse perspectives. The crucial role of predicting the potential benefits of ICIs treatment in patients can be effectively accomplished by utilizing the PDEM.
Large spread in marine heatwave assessments for Asia and the Indo-Pacific between sea-surface-temperature products - Communications Earth & Environment
Abstract Prolonged extremely warm ocean temperatures have great impacts on both natural ecosystems and human communities. These phenomena (i.e., marine heatwaves) could be easily monitored globally by satellite-based sea surface temperatures; however, the choice of datasets may lead to potential uncertainties in the marine heatwave assessment. Here we compared the marine heatwaves using three commonly used satellite products to illustrate the uncertainties over Asia and the Indo-Pacific.
Dynamic Simulation of Land Use and Habitat Quality Assessment in Baiyangdian Basin Using the SD-PLUS Coupled Model
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Tetherless and Batteryless Soft Navigators and Grippers
Remotely controllable soft actuators have promising potential applications in many fields including soft robotics, exploration, and invasion medical treatment. Shape memory polymers could store and release energy, resulting in shape deformation, and have been regarded as promising candidates to fabricate untethered soft robots. Herein, an untethered and battery-free soft navigator and gripper based on a shape memory hydrogel is presented.
Edge Consistency Feature Extraction Method for Multi-Source Image Registration
1. Introduction With the continuous breakthrough of remote sensing technology, the ways to obtain information through multi-source satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other sensors have gradually increased, and the space–air–ground integrated system based on multi-sensors has gradually improved.
Applied Sciences | Free Full-Text | Virtual Space-Time DiversityTurbo Equalization Using Cluster Sparse Proportional Recursive Least Squares Algorithm for Underwater Acoustic Communications
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle by 1, 2, 3 and 1,* 1 GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China 2 Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China 3 School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Appl. Sci.
Comparative Analysis of Hepatopancreas RNA-Seq of Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed Different Starch Diets
2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Ethics Statement All experiments were conducted at the Jiangsu Ocean University (Lianyungang, China) in accordance with ethical standards for experimental animals of Jiangsu Ocean University and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Jiangsu Ocean University (Approval Date: 1 September 2019; Approval Code: No. 2020-37). 2.2. Fish Diet Experimental diets were prepared according to our previous studies with modifications [23,24].
Modulating BODIPY-Based Silver Chalcogenide Cluster-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Real-Time Decontamination of a Gaseous Sulfur Mustard Simulant
Chemical warfare agents, such as sulfur mustard (HD), pose an ongoing global threat. To get closer to the actual scene, immediate detoxification of a flowing gaseous HD simulant is indispensable, yet which faces challenges for the current catalysts. Here, we systematically investigate the detoxification of a gaseous HD simulant (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, CEES) by a continuous flow device in gas–solid conditions under visible light irradiation.
Investigation of the vertically‐layered structure and surface roughness parameters of the urban boundary layer
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. REFERENCES 1, , , , , Boundary Layer Meteorol. 2020, 177(2–3), 541. 2, , , , , , Build. Environ. 2022, 207, 108464. 3, , , , , , Build. Environ. 2022, 216, 109018. 4, , , , Build. Environ. 2017, 111, 192. 5, , , , , Build. Environ. 2019, 152, 74. 6, , , , , , Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2022, 167, 112717.
Covalently Bonded Graphene Sheets on Carbon Nanotubes: Direct Growth and Outstanding Properties
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202306785-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf7.9 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , Science. 1996, 272, 523. 2, , , Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992, 68, 631. 3, , , , , , , , Science. 2004, 306, 666. 4, , , , , , , Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 902. 5, , , , Carbon. 2001, 39, 507. 6, , Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 676. 7, , , , , , , Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 626. 8, , Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 12274. 9, , , , , Science. 2018, 362, 547.
Is China Dominating The BRICS Group?
When leaders of the BRICS group of large emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – meet in Johannesburg for two days beginning on Aug. 22, 2023, foreign policymakers in Washington will no doubt be listening carefully. The BRICS group has been challenging some key tenets of U.S. global leadership in recent years. On the diplomatic front, it has undermined the White House’s strategy on Ukraine by countering the Western use of sanctions on Russia.
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