Zhengbin Zhou

Keywords Visceral leishmaniasis Resurgence Vulnerable population Phlebotomus chinensis Risk prediction China Evidence before this study We searched PubMed without language restrictions from database inception up to November 30th, 2025, for studies published with the terms (“Visceral leishmaniasis∗” [All Fields] OR “Kala-azar” [All Fields]) AND (“geograph∗” [All Fields] OR “spati∗” [All Fields]).

T. rubrofasciata specimens were collected from the laboratory of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The insects were maintained in an incubator at 28 °C ± 1 °C with a relative humidity of 75% ± 5% and a 12 L:12D photoperiod. Fertilized eggs were collected three days after oviposition.