1. Introduction Bone metastasis is a prevalent complication of malignant tumors, commonly observed in parenchymal tumors such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers, with an incidence ranging from 30% to 75% [1] . During metastasis, tumor cells interact with osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone stromal cells, potentially leading to pain, fractures, dysfunction, and psychological distress as they disrupt bone tissue, significantly impacting the life of tumor patients [2] .
