Zheyi Wang

Corresponding Author Guanzhao Wu PhD Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China Department of Medical Experimental Center, Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, China Correspondence to: Dr. G.

1 Introduction Stroke remains the second leading cause of mortality globally, imposing a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide (Feigin et al. 2022; Naghavi et al. 2017; Roth et al. 2020). Defined as a rapid onset of brain dysfunction lasting more than 24 h or resulting in death, stroke typically arises from cerebral blood vessel rupture or obstruction, leading to compromised blood flow to the brain (Coupland et al. 2017; Sacco et al. 2013; Buck et al. 2021).