Zhicong Yin

1 Introduction Compound extreme events amplify impacts, making them more destructive than single extreme events (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021; Zscheischler et al., 2018, 2020). Among the various types of compound events, those involving the rapid succession of two extreme events have gained increasing attention, such as transitions from drought to wet conditions or from heavy precipitation to heatwaves (Y. Chen et al., 2022; Deng et al., 2024; Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021; Miao et al., 2024).

Abstract Rapid Arctic warming has reached 2–4 times the global average, contrasting with the cooling trend in mid-high latitude Eurasia during the 1990s–2010s. A notable phenomenon of the “warm Arctic-cold Eurasia” (WACE) pattern is its frequent phase reversal between early and late winter seen in the last decade. As one of the important drivers of climate variability, the role of the stratosphere in WACE reversal remains unclear.

1 Introduction Ozone pollution has become a major environmental problem around the world. Since it is a secondary pollutant, it forms in the air from other pollutants and can seriously affect people's health, disturb ecosystems and influence climate patterns (Yang et al. 2012).