Zhiyi Fu

1 Introduction Spacecraft charging is the charging of spacecraft surfaces or components relative to the surrounding space plasma. This can lead to discharges and even catastrophic anomalies (Choi et al., 2011; Ganushkina et al., 2021; Lanzerotti et al., 1998; Loto'aniu et al., 2015; Reagan et al., 1983; Rosen, 1976). When and to what potential the spacecraft is charged are two important questions in space weather.

4.2. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Mesoscale Eddies Between 1994 and 2012, the South China Sea experienced a varying number, size, and three-dimensional morphology of mesoscale eddies. On average, there were 35.2 ± 2.5 eddies in the region per image, with approximately 52% being Cyclonic Eddies (CE), characterized by clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere (high-pressure center) and counterclockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere (low-pressure center).

Open AccessArticle by 1,2, 3, 1,2, 1,2, 1,2 and 1,2,* 1 School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China 3 Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens.