Zile Cheng

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health threat, yet the effectiveness of national action plans (NAPs) remains uncertain. Here we developed a multidimensional One Health governance index through a structured Delphi expert consultation to evaluate AMR governance across 193 countries (2017–2022), integrating 269 policy documents, expert-weighted indicators and multinational survey and surveillance datasets.

A total of 15 E. coli strains from UC patients were used in this study, and the strains were previously reported in 2004 [34]. The genomic DNA of the 15 strains was extracted using the TIANamp Bacteria D.N.A. Kit (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). Subsequently, the DNA libraries were prepared using the KAPA HyperPrep Kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) following the manufacturer’s instructions and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq platform with a 150 bp paired-end strategy.