Zimo Wei

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Peer Review For transparency, the peer review documents associated with this article are available at https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.70279.

INTRODUCTION Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) represent a large heterogeneous group of seemingly unrelated disorders with overlapping immunopathogenesis, characterized by the breakdown of immune tolerance and dysregulated proinflammatory pathways, affecting multiple organs and tissues across the body.1, 2 The global burden of disease study 2019 reported a global increase in the number of incident cases of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019.3 A recent national survey involving 22 million...