Introduction Hunger and food insecurity have profound negative impacts on societies worldwide. An estimated 2.8 billion people currently cannot afford a healthy diet and 733 million globally suffered from malnutrition in 2023 (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, 2024). Hunger refers to individual level, typically subjectively reported experiences of going without food, which can be episodic or chronic, and expressed by physical sensations of discomfort, weakness, pain.