Akvaplan-niva As

Introduction In birds, considerable variation in the timing of fledging (here defined as time when offspring become independent regardless of being in the nest or not, Moreau and Moreau 1940) can be observed across the altricial-precocial development spectrum with the offspring of precocial species generally gaining a higher degree of independence much earlier than the offspring of altricial species (O'Conner 1984).

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and Ice (or crystal) krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) are both key ecological species in the Southern Ocean (Murphy et al., 2012; Murphy et al., 2016). They are important prey for many marine top predators (Meyer et al., 2020) and invertebrates (Trathan and Hill, 2016), as well as being important grazers of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton (Bar-On et al., 2018).