Langnes Tromsø Norway

Introduction In birds, considerable variation in the timing of fledging (here defined as time when offspring become independent regardless of being in the nest or not, Moreau and Moreau 1940) can be observed across the altricial-precocial development spectrum with the offspring of precocial species generally gaining a higher degree of independence much earlier than the offspring of altricial species (O'Conner 1984).