Alena Bartušková

1 INTRODUCTION Phenological changes in seasonal events such as growth, flowering and fruiting, are important consequences of global change in flowering plants (Geissler et al., 2023; Inouye, 2022; Piao et al., 2019). Shifts in the timing of these phases, often ranging up to several weeks, have been frequently observed in recent decades (Primack et al., 2009).

Introduction Seasonal cycles in temperate environments are a factor underlying adaptations to harsh winter conditions (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zanne et al., 2014). While many annual species rely on an avoidance strategy by surviving the winter as seeds, woody plants resist winter frosts because their aboveground parts survive winter, often being leafless, and resume growth after the winter rest. Instead, herbaceous perennial species employ an avoidance or tolerance strategy.

Historical maps of racialized evaluation of mortgage lending risk (i.e., redlined neighborhoods) have been linked to adverse health outcomes. Little research has examined whether living in historically redlined neighborhoods is associated with obesity, differentially by race or gender. This is a cross-sectional study to examine whether living in historically redlined neighborhoods is associated with BMI and waist circumference among Black and White adults in 1985–1986.