You are already at the latest version Background: The dendritic cell initiates and directs antigen-specific immunity. Three Nobel Prizes frame the system it controls: Steinman (2011) recognized the dendritic cell as the conductor of adaptive immunity; Allison and Honjo (2018) recognized CTLA-4 and PD-1 as checkpoints restraining effector responses; Sakaguchi, Brunkow, and Ramsdell (2025) recognized that Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells maintain peripheral tolerance.